Resumen: Introducción: Las fracturas son lesiones relevantes en la vida de los individuos tanto por el costo del tratamiento, como por la carga en la vida laboral. La información en nuestro país acerca de esta patología es escasa, por lo que nos propusimos revisar datos epidemiológicos disponibles en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS). Material y métodos: Se calculó la prevalencia de vida de fracturas para la totalidad de la muestra y para los adultos mayores de 55 años, estimándose modelos de regresión logísticos distintos por sexo para la probabilidad de sufrir una fractura en la vida. Resultados: La prevalencia de vida de fracturas es de 18%, con 25.1% para los adultos mayores de 55 años, observándose mayor prevalencia en hombres que en mujeres (22.5 y 13.8% respectivamente). En el sexo masculino se asoció con fracturas: edad, tabaquismo, actividad física, consumo de alcohol e IMC, mientras que en el sexo femenino se asoció: edad, polifarmacia, estado civil y actividad física. Conclusión: Se encontró asociación entre la ocurrencia de fracturas y múltiples factores de riesgo conocidos para enfermedades crónicas, destacando la relevancia que poseen las fracturas en la población. Nueva evidencia orientada a estudiar este fenómeno se hace imperativa dado el envejecimiento progresivo de la población chilena.

Abstract: Introduction: Fractures are relevant injuries in the lives of individuals both for the cost of treatment and for the burden on working life. The information in our country about this pathology is scarce, so we set out to review epidemiological data available in the national health survey. Material and methods: The prevalence of fracture life was calculated for the entire sample and for adults over 55 years of age, with different logistic regression models estimated by sex for the likelihood of a fracture in life. Results: The prevalence of fracture life is 18%, with 25.1% for adults over 55 years of age, with higher prevalence observed in men than in women (22.5% and 13.8% respectively). In the male sex it was associated with fractures: age, smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and BMI, while in the female sex it was associated: age, polypharmacy, marital status, and physical activity. Conclusion: An association was found between the occurrence of fractures and multiple known risk factors for chronic diseases, highlighting the relevance of fractures in the population. New evidence aimed at studying this phenomenon becomes imperative given the progressive ageing of the Chilean population.

ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the relationship between having a medical specialty and the monthly income of Peruvian doctors, and to compare the economic incomes among areas with higher and lower density of medical doctors in Peru. Materials and methods : We analyzed data of the National Satisfaction Survey of Health Users (in Spanish: ENSUSALUD) carried out in Peru in the year 2015. This survey, with a national level of inference, was performed on physicians working at health facilities in Peru. Monthly income was measured considering all paid activities of the physician. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR and aPR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated through Poisson regression models with robust variance, taking into account the complex sampling of the survey. Results Out of 2 219 Physicians surveyed, 2 154 (97.0%) observations were analyzed. The probability of earning > S/5 000 (1 572.3 USD) per month was 29.1% for general practitioners; 65.6% for specialists; 63.0% for clinical specialists; 70.5% for surgeons, and 55.7% for other specialties. Compared to general practitioners, physicians with clinical, surgical, and other specialties were more likely to earn > S/5 000 per month (aPR = 1.44, 1.49, and 1.26, respectively). The probability of earning > S/5 000 was higher in those working in departments with low medical density. Conclusions Monthly incomes were higher for specialist physicians than for non-specialists. Economic incomes were higher in departments with lower density of physicians, which may encourage physicians to work in these departments.

RESUMEN Objetivos Evaluar la asociación entre tener una especialidad médica y el ingreso económico mensual en médicos peruanos, y comparar los ingresos económicos entre áreas con mayor y menor densidad de médicos en Perú. Materiales y métodos Se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de Salud realizada en Perú el año 2015. Esta encuesta con nivel de inferencia nacional fue realizada a médicos que laboran en establecimientos de salud de Perú. Se evaluó el ingreso económico considerando todas las actividades remuneradas del médico. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RP y RPa) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) mediante regresiones de Poisson con varianza robusta, tomando en cuenta el muestreo complejo de la encuesta. Resultados De 2219 médicos encuestados, se analizaron 2154 (97,0%) observaciones. La frecuencia de ganar >S/ 5000 (1572,3 USD) mensuales fue de 29,1% en médicos generales; 65,6% en especialistas; 63,0% en especialidades clínicas; 70,5% en especialidades quirúrgicas, y 55,7% en otras especialidades. En comparación a los médicos generales, los médicos con especialidades clínicas, quirúrgicas, y otras especialidades, tuvieron más probabilidades de ganar >S/ 5000 mensuales (RPa = 1,44, 1,49, y 1,26, respectivamente). La probabilidad de ganar >S/ 5000 fue mayor en quienes laboraban en departamentos con baja densidad de médicos. Conclusiones Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en médicos especialistas que en no especialistas. Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en departamentos con menor densidad de médicos, lo cual puede animar a que los médicos laboren en dichos departamentos.

Objectives. To evaluate the relationship between having a medical specialty and the monthly income of Peruvian doctors, and to compare the economic incomes among areas with higher and lower density of medical doctors in Peru. Materials and methods. We analyzed data of the National Satisfaction Survey of Health Users (in Spanish: ENSUSALUD) carried out in Peru in the year 2015. This survey, with a national level of inference, was performed on physicians working at health facilities in Peru. Monthly income was measured considering all paid activities of the physician. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR and aPR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated through Poisson regression models with robust variance, taking into account the complex sampling of the survey. Results. Out of 2 219 Physicians surveyed, 2 154 (97.0%) observations were analyzed. The probability of earning > S/5 000 (1 572.3 USD) per month was 29.1% for general practitioners; 65.6% for specialists; 63.0% for clinical specialists; 70.5% for surgeons, and 55.7% for other specialties. Compared to general practitioners, physicians with clinical, surgical, and other specialties were more likely to earn > S/5 000 per month (aPR = 1.44, 1.49, and 1.26, respectively). The probability of earning > S/5 000 was higher in those working in departments with low medical density. Conclusions. Monthly incomes were higher for specialist physicians than for non-specialists. Economic incomes were higher in departments with lower density of physicians, which may encourage physicians to work in these departments.

Objetivos. Evaluar la asociación entre tener una especialidad médica y el ingreso económico mensual en médicos peruanos, y comparar los ingresos económicos entre áreas con mayor y menor densidad de médicos en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios de Salud realizada en Perú el año 2015. Esta encuesta con nivel de inferencia nacional fue realizada a médicos que laboran en establecimientos de salud de Perú. Se evaluó el ingreso económico considerando todas las actividades remuneradas del médico. Se calcularon las razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RP y RPa) y sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%) mediante regresiones de Poisson con varianza robusta, tomando en cuenta el muestreo complejo de la encuesta. Resultados. De 2219 médicos encuestados, se analizaron 2154 (97,0%) observaciones. La frecuencia de ganar >S/ 5000 (1572,3 USD) mensuales fue de 29,1% en médicos generales; 65,6% en especialistas; 63,0% en especialidades clínicas; 70,5% en especialidades quirúrgicas, y 55,7% en otras especialidades. En comparación a los médicos generales, los médicos con especialidades clínicas, quirúrgicas, y otras especialidades, tuvieron más probabilidades de ganar >S/ 5000 mensuales (RPa = 1,44, 1,49, y 1,26, respectivamente). La probabilidad de ganar >S/ 5000 fue mayor en quienes laboraban en departamentos con baja densidad de médicos. Conclusiones. Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en médicos especialistas que en no especialistas. Los ingresos económicos fueron mayores en departamentos con menor densidad de médicos, lo cual puede animar a que los médicos laboren en dichos departamentos.

Cinco híbridos de milho foram avaliados quanto à produtividade de matéria seca, ao valor nutritivo da silagem e à produtividade de leite. Os híbridos avaliados foram AS 32, AG 9090, CD 308, DKB 747 e P 30F87, colhidos em três alturas de corte: 15, 35 e 55 cm. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Para confecção das silagens, utilizaram-se silos experimentais de PVC com 20 cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de altura. A produtividade de leite, por tonelada de silagem (eficiência alimentar) e por hectare, foi estimada pelo modelo Milk2006. A produtividade de forragem ensilável reduziu com o aumento da altura de colheita, com resultados de 14,6; 13,0 e 12,6 t/ha MS para as alturas de colheita de 15 cm, 35 cm e 55 cm, respectivamente. O híbrido de milho e a altura de colheita influenciaram a composição bromatológica das silagens, com exceção do teor de extrato etéreo (EE), que não foi influenciado pela altura de colheita. Ocorreu interação híbrido × altura de colheita para o teor de amido, a digestibilidade in vitro da MS e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e o teor de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Houve efeito da altura de colheita sobre a eficiência alimentar, cujos valores médios foram de 1.226, 1.291 e 1.393 kg leite/t silagem nas alturas de colheita de 15, 35 e 55 cm, respectivamente. Observou-se também efeito do tipo de híbrido sobre a produtividade de leite e a eficiência alimentar, com melhores valores verificados para o híbrido DKB 747 colhido na altura de 55 cm. Ao elevar a altura de colheita, melhora-se o valor nutritivo da silagem sem prejudicar a produtividade de leite por hectare. O manejo da altura de corte não substitui a escolha de melhores híbridos para produção de silagem de alta qualidade e produtividade.

Five corn hybrids were evaluated to the productivity of dry matter, nutritive value of silage and milk yield. The hybrids evaluated were AS 32, AG 9090, CD 308, DKB 747 and P 30F87, harvested at three cutting heights: 15, 35 and 55 cm. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots and three replicates. Experimental silos of PVC with 20 cm of diameter and 40 cm of height were used. Milk yield per ton of silage (feed efficiency) and milk production per hectare were estimated by using the model Milk2006. The productivity of ensilable forage decreased with increase in height of harvest, with results of 14.6, 13.0 and 12.6 t/ha DM for the cut heights of 15 cm, 35 cm and 55 cm, respectively. Corn hybrid and cut height influenced chemical composition of silage, except for EE, which was not influenced by cut height. There was an interaction hybrid × cut height for the content of starch, in vitro digestibility of DM and of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and content of total digestible nutrients (TDN). Cut height affected feed efficiency whose average values of 1,226, 1,291 and 1,393 kg milk/t silage at the cut heights of 15, 35 and 55 cm, respectively. It was also observed effect of type of hybrid on milk yield and feed efficiency, with the best values recorded for the hybrid DKB 747 harvested at 55 cm of height. By raising the height of harvest, the nutritional value of silage is improved, with no influence on milk yield per hectare. The management of the height of cut does not replace the choice of better hybrids for production of silage with high quality and productivity.

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes dietas sobre as características da carcaça e da carne de bovinos de corte em confinamento: dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação fixa durante o período de confinamento (SMF); dieta composta por silagem de milho e formulação variável durante o período de confinamento (SMV); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação fixa (SCF); dieta composta por silagem de cana-de-açúcar e formulação variável (SCV); SCV na metade inicial do confinamento e SMV no período final (SCV/SMV). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e três repetições. Houve maior deposição de gordura renal-pélvica-inguinal (P=0,03), de gordura subcutânea (P=0,06) e de gordura na carcaça (P=0,06) nas dietas com silagem de milho (6,7kg; 6,2mm e 34,6%) em relação àquelas com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (5,3kg; 4,8mm e 31,7%). Houve maior (P=0,05) rendimento de contrafilé e de miolo de alcatra nas dietas com silagem de milho (10% e 6,9%) em relação às com silagem de cana-de-açúcar (9% e 6,6%). Não houve efeito das dietas sobre rendimento de cortes primários (P>0,1), perdas por cocção (P>0,3) e força de cisalhamento (P>0,1). O ajuste da formulação da dieta e a troca de silagem não influenciaram as características de carcaça e da carne. A utilização de silagem de cana-de-açúcar permitiu carcaças com acabamento satisfatório

The effects of different diets on the carcass and meat characteristics of beef steers in feedlot were evaluated using the following: diet containing corn silage, with fixed formulation during the period of feedlot (CSF); diet containing corn silage, with variable formulation according to the phase of feedlot (CSV); diet containing sugar cane silage with fixed formulation (SCSF); diet containing sugar cane silage, with variable formulation (SCSV); CSV diet in initial half of feedlot and SCSV diet in final half (SCSV/CSV). A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and three replicates (collective pens) was used. There was higher content of kidney-pelvic-inguinal fat (P=0.03), subcutaneous fat (P=0.06), and fat tissue (P=0.06) deposition in animals fed diets containing corn silage (6.7kg, 6.2mm, and 34.6%) as compared to those fed sugar cane silage (5.3kg, 4.8mm, and 31.7%). A higher (P=0.05) yield of strip loin and rostbiff (% of hindquarter) were measured in carcasses from animals fed diets containing corn silage (10% and 6.9%) than in carcasses from animals fed diets containing sugar cane silage (9% and 6.6%). No effects of the diets on yield of primary meat cuts of the carcass (P>0.1), cooking losses (P>0.3), and shear force (P>0.1), with averages of 23.4% and 4.4kgf/mIII. The adjustment of the diet formulation as the period of confinement and the exchange of silage did not affect the characteristics of carcass and meat. The use of sugar cane silage allowed carcasses with good finishing

The kinetic study of the photopolymerisation of gels of acrylic acid (AA) and chitosan (CHI) prepared by three different methods was accomplished. The kinetic parameters such as conversion and polymerisation rate were determined. The influence of the composition and the preparation method on these parameters was elucidated. The effect of the mixing order on the formation of chitosan-acrylic acid complexes (CHI+AA-) was determined by measuring the viscosity of non-polymerised gels. The presence of polyacrylic acid (PAA) grafted on to a CHI matrix after photopolymerisation and the influence of the method of preparation and feed composition on the proportion of CHI-PAA interpolymer network were demonstrated by FTIR spectroscopy. The possible mechanism of the graft copolymerisation is discussed in detail.

Copolymers of furfuryl methacrylate (M) with N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (P) were prepared by free radical copolymerization in DMF solution at 50°C, using 2,2'-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. The reactivity ratios of both monomers were calculated according to the general copolymerization equation using the Fineman-Röss and Kelen-Tüdos linearization methods, as well as the Tidwell-Mortimer non linear least-squares treatment and the Monte Carlo random method. The values of the reactivity ratios calculated using the first methodology were rM = 3.92 and rP = 0.004. Similar results were obtained by both, the Monte Carlo and the non-linear least square techniques that certified the precision of the proposed method. The microstructure of copolymer chains based on the first order Markov statistics is described.